The Solution

Karl Denke's case puzzles many historians and psychiatrists who try to answer the basic questions: why was he murdering people and making food out of their flesh? And why his neighbors didn't notice the human slaughterhouse in his flat for at least 15 years?

Unlike Carl Großmann and Fritz Haarmann, Denke wasn't a sexual maniac, even if he was mentally retarded. His behavior seems rational to some extent. He killed only beggars and vagabonds. His acquaintances and neighbors knew he sold meat products and traded second hand clothes, they thought however, that as a farmer's brother he must have had easy access to pork and veal.

In order to understand Denke's motives at least partially, it is necessary to consider his acts from a broader perspective. The fact that he had been murdering beggars and vagabonds is in my opinion crucial. His later years coincide with the collapse of the old world order, symbolized by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. That world perished in the trenches of the First World War. A new axiological, political and social paradigm was yet to be invented. The post-war period was marked by a tremendous turmoil, from which emerged such ideas as fascism, communism etc. This was also the time of a primitive positivism in science. The latter was meant to bring happiness, peace and wealth to all. The assumption that science can bring answers to all possible questions became a form of religion, but confronted with the prevailing ideology of the time - nationalism - it gave birth to a very dangerous "science": eugenics.

This person suffering from hereditary defects costs the community 60,000 Reichsmark during his lifetime. Fellow Germans, that is your money too"

The idea of selective reproduction of people became popular among some scientists and politicians of many Western countries in the late XIXth and early XXth Century. Germany wasn't an exception. Eugenics were applied long before the Nazis seized power in 1933. It is worth noticing that Karl Binding's and Alfred Hoche's book Die Freigabe der Vernichtung Lebensunwerten Lebens (Release for Annihilation of Life Unworthy of Life) was first published already in 1920. Beggars and vagabonds became one of the first victims of eugenic policies in the Weimar Republic. However eugenics was not only a scientific theory of that time. It reflected the atmosphere of the time.

Karl Denke - a man of very limited intellectual capacity - couldn't obviously understand the scientific language and philosophical or social implications of eugenics, but he could understand that beggars and vagabonds were a threat to a healthy society, they were a problem - he concluded - just like parasites. Some villages in Lower Silesia officially issued laws to expel them from the communities. Denke must have been aware of that, so he had found a simple solution to the problem: by killing the vagabonds, he would help the local authorities and make some money by selling their flesh. From a certain point of view, he wasn't even a cannibal, because he didn't consider his victims as humans.

Trapdoor in the kitchen

Janina Szczepańska occupies the apartment that once belonged to Karl Denke.

She and her husband bought half of a small house in Ziębice in 1968, when the local authorities decided to sell this social building to particulars. The new owners came from a neighboring village and weren't familiar with the story of the Muensterberg (Ziębice) cannibal.

However some peculiarities of the house attracted their attention from the beginning: meat hooks in the pantry's ceiling and a trapdoor in the kitchen's floor in particular. The meat hooks weren't as unusual for a house in a small village, they told themselves. Maybe a former occupant used to butcher pigs. However the function of the trapdoor (linking directly the kitchen at first floor to the pantry at ground floor) seemed much more mysterious.

The couple renovated the house, bricked up the trapdoor and removed the hooks. Only afterwords they have learned about the infamous previous occupant of their house. Obviously they guessed Denke used to kill his victims in the living room (picture above), then drag them to the kitchen and drop them through the trapdoor. Once in the pantry, the corpses were slaughtered and made into Pökelfleisch.

Today there are no traces of trapdoor in the room once occupied by the Denke's kitchen:

When listening to Mrs. Szczepańska talking about Karl Denke I was surprised to hear how accurately she knew the facts. I would rather expect an amalgam of facts and legends, but there was no legend, just pure, accurate facts, as if taken directly from Dr. Pietrusky's report.

Historian Marek Czapliński, who researched on the region, told me, most of the old legends were lost after 1945 (when nearly all the former German inhabitants of the region were forced to move away). Those Germans who remained in Ziębice and assimilated with the new Polish community weren't eager to tell stories about a German cannibal killer from their village.

The Denke's case reemerged only in the 1950's when a local journalist came across it and wrote about in Tygodnik Ziębicki.

I asked Mrs. Szczepańska if she was comfortable living in the house previously occupied by a cannibal killer. She answered she's OK now but she would sell the house with pleasure. Armin Ruetters, the German researcher once offered to buy the property but never came back afterwords.

Blood turns (healing) water

Two things led me to a small forest about 2 km north of

Karl Denke's house.

First of all I was searching for the "Municipal Forest" mentioned by the forensic expert Friedrich Pietrusky in his report as the place of disposal of Denke's victims' bones. However there is no trace of such forest in the vicinity of the killer's house (this was also true in the 1920's as proves this old map). The closest one is located 2 km north. Probably too far for a killer to carry skeletal pieces, but still it intrigued me.

There was yet another reason to head towards this little forest. Friedrich Pietrusky mentioned in his report that the river Ohle (Oława) was about 150 m from Denke's house and suggested the killer might have poured the blood of his victims into its waters.

Denke's house is hidden just behind the trees at the left of the next picture.

And here's the same river photographed from the same spot but in opposite direction (towards the north):

One can notice in the background the municipal forest, mentioned in the beginning of this post.

By pure curiosity I followed the path of the river and entered the forest. Once there I made several pictures (e.g. the black & white above). Within minutes other people began to come to the forest. They carried empty jerry cans.

I followed one of them and discovered a water spring.

It is called Cyril's Spring and its water is believed to have special healing properties (although scientists didn't find anything to confirm that belief). Some come from as far as Wrocław (60 km) to stock up on that water.

It is unclear how the legend of the healing properties of Cyril's Spring started. The fountain was built in 1896 and soon became a sunday walk destination for the locals, as depicts this postcard:

source

Nevertheless the popularity of the spring before WWII was rather due to a nearby beer stall:

source

Jurassic Park

In search for Ziębice's Municipal Forest mentioned by Friedrich Pietrusky in his report.

The question remained unanswered: where did Karl Denke burry the bones of his victims? Pietrusky speaks of a "municipal forest" but there is no forest close to Denke's house. However if you take a look at Ziębice's satellite picture, you'll probably spot a grove at the south-east end of town. It is labelled "municipal park" on the map.

It is highly improbable that Denke would go so far to dump the human remains he was left with, as his house was located at the almost opposite part of town (top of the picture).

Nevertheless this little municipal park hides bones and carcasses as well... but all of them are fake. The local authorities decided to create a "Jurassic Park" here and placed half a dozen plaster dinosaurs. For some reason, most of them are painted green.

Two specimens are aquatic. Their red glowing eyes are made of LED lamps.

All this looks like a pathetic attempt to deviate the tourists' attraction from Karl Denke's.

However tourists remain unmoved and keep on photographing the cell in which the cannibal committed suicide in 1924. 

I did the same:

Mysterious pictures found at a dump in Wrocław

The neat picture of a saw, a pickaxe and some knives are part of a series of mysterious photographs found dumped at the Medical Academy of Wrocław in the mid 1980's.

A total of 1200 pictures (medium format glass negatives and positives) were dumped during a renovation at the medical college of Wrocław. They belonged most probably to the German Institute of Forensic Medicine in Breslau until 1945, when the city became Polish Wrocław.

Tadeusz Dobosz, the man who found them - then scientific employee, now professor of Molecular Techniques at the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical Academy of Wrocław - was able to interpret most of them, but a dozen frames remained quite a puzzle.

Four of them depicted human bones, one showed a table full of meat, human bones and a pair of suspenders (made of human skin, as we know today), then on another photograph one could see more suspenders with some rags and old shoes.

Two pictures showed jars and pots in some interiors.

With these came 3 single pictures: a house from the outside, a wooden shed and a portrait of a deadman (this particular glass negative was shattered and could not be scanned by prof. Dobosz but it is the same picture as we know as the only portrait of Karl Denke).

Prof. Dobosz suspected a cannibal story behind these pictures but couldn't find any trace of such a story. (Here is an article in Polish about the findings).

...

Only last spring - after meeting Marcin Tosz, a local journalist familiar with the Denke case - could prof. Dobosz link the pictures he had to a specific story - that of Karl Denke.

The wooden shed in Denke's garden was destroyed after World War II by the new Polish owners of the house. They soon unearthed a few skulls and some human bones. Thus the gory legend of the cannibal from Muensterberg soon became common knowledge in the village of Ziębice (as Muensterberg is called today).

Münsterberg, du schönes Städtchen

Although Karl Denke is considered a "forgotten cannibal" today, he had a moment of fame in the mid 1920's. Here come the lyrics of a Moritat (murder ballad) about him:

Münsterberg, du schönes Städtchen,

Münsterberg, du schöne Stadt,

Drinnen wohnte Meister Denke,

Der so viel geschlachtet hat.

Schöne junge Handwerksburschen

Lud er sich zum Schreiben ein

Und in schöne neue Fässer

Pökelte er sie alle ein.

Jüngst da kam ein Handwerksbursche,

Bittet um ein Stückchen Brot,

Denke lud ihn ein zum Schreiben,

Schlagen wollte er ihn tot.

Doch der Ärmste, der durchschaute

Diesen frechen Mörderplan,

Und mit angehacktem Schädel

Griff er diese Bestie an.

Doch dem armen Handwerksburschen

Glaubt die Polizei kein Wort,

Sondern steckt den armen Sünder

An den wohlverdienten Ort.

Hätt´ sich Denke nicht erhangen,

Weiter ging die Pökelei,

So jedoch kam man dahinter,

Und der Schleier riß entzwei.

...

And here's a rough translation:

...

Münsterberg, beautiful little town

Münsterberg, beautiful town

Here lived master Denke,

Who who had so many butchered.

Nice young apprentices

Were invited to write letters

And then found themselves pickled

In nice new barrels.

Recently an apprentice went there,

Asked for a slice of bread,

Denke asked him to write a letter,

But wanted to knock him dead.

However the poor guy have foreseen

This bold murder plan

And with a severed head

Resisted the beast’s assault.

Police didn’t believe a word

Of the poor worker’s story

And put the sinner

In a place he deserved.

Had Denke not hang himself

The meat processing would still go on,

However some light went on

And the curtains opened wide.

...

The song's origin is uncertain. Its words were noted by Mark Benecke after a speech he had in Herbrechtingen monastery in 2003. An old woman stood up after the speech and sung the song to the surprise of the researcher and his audience. She said her mother used to sing this song.

...

Unfortunately I was unable to track down the song's tune but it's possible it was based on a very popular operetta song by Walter Kollo:

Warte, warte nur ein Weilchen,

bald kommt auch das Glück zu Dir...

...

Kollo's song has had multiple covers. The most famous one is made into a moritat about another famous serial killer / alleged cannibal of the 1920's Friedrich "Fritz" Haarmann

Warte, warte nur ein Weilchen,

Bald kommt Haarmann auch zu dir

Mit dem kleinen Hackebeilchen

Und macht er Leberwurst aus dir.

...

(Wait, oh wait a while,

Soon Haarmann will come to you

With his little chopper

And will make liver sausage out of you)

...

Some German metal and gothic bands cover this song (for instance G.I.E.Z), but there's a jazz version too:

It was used as well by Fritz Lang in his M (you can watch the whole movie online here):

Recently Armin Rütters - a researcher on Karl Denke's case - has emailed me this short poem, he was told by a lady who had met Karl Denke personally when she was 4:

Dort in Münsterberg der Denke, hat sich auch ans Werk gemacht,

dass man seiner oft gedenke, hat er Menschen umgebracht,

Menschen sind da oft verschwunden, meistens Handwerksburschen nur,

niemals hat man sie gefunden und entdeckt nicht eine Spur.

Und ich wette ohne Spaß, daß wohl keiner es vergaß, das er Menschen hat geschlachtet

und das Fleisch von ihnen frass.

(There in Münsterberg the Denke, he has got to work too,

he is much remembered for he slew people

People often disappeared, but mostly craftsmen

and nobody ever found a trace of them.

And I bet he will not be forgotten for the men he slaughtered

and the flesh he devoured.)

Vater Denke

This one is called the "unusual case" or "the forgotten cannibal". He wasn't a paraphiliac, nor was he an alcoholic. Nothing spectacular about his childhood either.

Karl Denke was born on August 10, 1870 in Oberkunzendorf (today Kalinowice Górne) in Lower Silesia and moved to Muensterberg (today Ziębice) ten years later. He was a somewhat dull, if not retarded child. He quit school and left home at the age of 12 to work as apprentice with a gardener. When he turned 25, his father died. His brother took over the family farm while Karl was given money to buy some land. Being an unsuccessful farmer, he sold the land and bought a house in town (on present Stawowa Street). However recession forced him to sell again this property. He was finally left with a little apartment on first floor and a small shed in the backyard of the house.

(as Mark Benecke points out, Karl Denke's house has never been demolished, which is unlike most serial killers' homes). Lower picture by Armin Ruetters.

...

Denke's first victim was most probably Emma Sander, a 25 year old girl killed in 1909, however this was established only 15 years later, after Denke's death. The latter occurred on a Sunday night of December 21st, 1924. That day, around 1 p.m. a man covered in blood ran into the local police station. He was visibly terrified and told the officers that it was Karl Denke, who tried to kill him with a pickaxe. The policemen could not believe the stranger: Vincenz Oliver was a vagabond, while Karl Denke has had a perfect reputation among inhabitants of Muensterberg - a town of nine thousand where everyone knew each other. However a doctor confirmed that Oliver must have been attacked with a heavy cutting tool. Finally Denke was arrested. He confirmed attacking Oliver, but claimed he was just defending his property from an unknown burglar. A few hours later Denke's body was found dead in the police station's cell. The well respected citizen hanged himself using a handkerchief.

(Karl Denke's cell and place of suicide as photographed in August 2008)

...

A few days later - on December 24 - the policemen went to Denke's house... 

In order to describe what they saw there, it is best to refer to the report given by Friedrich Pietrusky (then acting head of the Institute of Legal Medicine in Breslau). The report dates back to 1926 and was published in the Deutsche Zeitschrift für gesamte gerichtliche Medizin (Band 8, S. 702-726), here quoted after Mark Benecke:

“The first findings made in Denke’s house during the search were bones and pieces of meat. The latter were in a salt solution found in a wooden drum. There were altogether fifteen pieces with skin. Two parts of the breast, which is strongly hairy. The torso is cut through the middle, three fingers above the navel. Its lateral limit is the front shoulder blade. In the piece of the anterior abdominal wall, the middle of the navel is visible. The remaining pieces belong to the side and back parts. The largest is about forty by twenty centimeters large. Particularly striking was a very clean anus with hand large parts of both buttocks.

The meat is brownish red and does not feel as if the body would have lost much blood. On the back some soft-bluish discoloration is visible as well as livor mortis, which leads to the conclusion that the disassembly of the body took place several hours after death.

There is no evidence of vital reaction of the bodies to the cuts made, which means that the latter were not made while the victims were still alive. Nevertheless some skin and muscles from the necks were missing, as well as extremities [arms and legs], head and sexual organs. Lesions could not be determined, nor the nature of death or the tool of crime.

In three medium-sized pots filled with cream sauce, some cooked meat, partially covered with skin and human hair was found. The meat was pink and soft. All pieces seemed cut from the gluteal area [buttocks]. One pot had only half a portion. Denke must have eaten the other piece short before being arrested".

The last assumption - though logical, as it seems - is not proven by the facts. Police found some human meat and one portion was visibly gone but there is nothing to confirm that it was Denke who had eaten it. Equally possible was that he had sold that meat or given it to his "guests" (although the latter would seem like an unnecessary waste). However Pietrusky points out to other problems with establishing who actually could have eaten that meat:

"I should like to mention here that there is no evidence that Denke has ever sold the meat of his victims [all evidence has obviously been eaten!]. However, it seems certain that his guests, that is the vagabonds, were offered to eat it".

Again, this is only his assumption. Why should Denke rather offer meat to his guests, than sell it on the market? By the way, note the interesting fact that Pietrusky is writing the report over a year after Denke's death. The legend of selling human meat on the market must have been widespread since the discoveries made in Münsterberg, as the forensic feels in duty to refer to it. Then Pietrusky continues:

"In the third pot were found numerous pieces of human skin and parts of the aorta in a gelatinous mass. A bowl on the table in his room was filled with amber colored fat, that appeared to be human. Biological test gave a weak-positive result for the presence of human protein.

In the shed, in which the meat pieces were found, was also a barrel full of bones that were cleaned of tendons, muscles etc. that most probably have been priorly cooked. The investigation initially revealed the existence of six forearm bones, which means that they belonged to three people at least. Another traces were found behind the shed. A part of a leg remained in the pond that Denke had dug many years before and also skeletal pieces were uncovered in the local forest. Here is the full list of what has been sent to us for examination:

- sixteen femurs of which one pair of remarkably strong ones, two pairs of very thin ones, six pairs and two left femurs;

- fifteen medium-sized pieces of long bones;

- four pairs of elbow bones;

- seven heads of radii;

- nine lower parts of radii;

- eight lower parts of the elbow;

- a pair of upper shinbone;

- a pair of lower elbows and radii, of which extremities still remain well connected;

- a pair of upper arms and a pair of upper arm heads;

- a pair of collar bones;

- two shoulder blades;

- eight heels and ankle bones;

- one hundred and twenty toes and phalanx;

- sixty-five feet and metacarpal bones;

- five first ribs and one hundred-fifty pieces of ribs.

All bones, with the exception of a few, were very light, porous and fatless.

In the municipal forest remained as well parts of a spine and four parts of a clean, dissected male pelvis, which on one side showed traces of saw-cutting. Only one piece of head-bone was found. This is a piece of the inferior petrosal sinus area, jagged on the front side. It looks broken and bears visible signs of sharp sawing on its top. This piece of bone is cross-marked with ink.

Given the size and condition of the bones, we can assume, that there was one particularly strong individual, two others were of delicate bone structure, another suffered from coxa vara. [...]

The cutting surfaces of the bones are jagged, as if blunt force was applied, such as the blunt end of an axe or a hammer. Some bones were visibly sawed. Few spots show traces of a sharp tool - an axe most probably. Similarly such traces were found on the articulations, which must have been cut with a knife.

Based on these findings, we were able to declare that the bones sent to us, belonged to at least eight people".

Of course other bones were yet to be uncovered over the years to come. The last pieces (including head bones) were found in the late 1940's, just after World War II, by now Polish inhabitants of the house.

"Considerably more revealing was Denke’s dental collection. We received a total of three hundred and fifty-one teeth.

These were found in a moneybag and in two tin boxes, on which "Pepper" and "Salt" was written, as well as in three paper bags, which were destined to keep pepper. They were partly sorted according to their size: the molars were in the moneybag, while the others in the two boxes and in the paper bag. In yet another paper bag were teeth that belonged probably to a single person, and in a third bag three lower incisors were found with strongly atrophic structure - this one came probably from an old individual. All teeth, with the exception of six, were well preserved.

[...]

The investigation led us to very notable results. The remains of the bones were definitely of a minimum of eight victims, however other circumstances of the case make it likely that the number of victims was much higher. The teeth that were found belonged certainly to at least twenty people [...]. Professor Euler noted however that some individual teeth appear more than twice as often than is statistically expected (this concerns second premolars and incisors), which suggests that there might have been even more victims.

The fact that the majority of victims suffered from caries leads us to think that the number of victims was higher. In addition, it must be stated that people in old age lacked proper dental treatment. Professor Euler estimates cautiously that the teeth belonged to at least twenty-five individuals.

The extractions were done in different ways. Some teeth seem to have been taken out quite easily due to senile atrophy, while others were rather solidly rooted and extracted with force. In many cases we discerned parts of the alveolar wand. Some specimens, especially the molars and premolars show fractures in tooth enamel that couldn’t have occur during victims’ lifetime. On some there are traces of claws with very sharp edges. The appearance of some roots seems to justify the assumption that the jaw had been cooked in advance. Individual teeth have been broken - probably in the process of extraction. Again Denke had no luck".

The last remark sounds a little odd...

"Especially interesting is the answer to the question of the age [of the victims]. From the list later mentioned we know nearly all victims. There are no young individuals among them. Now, there are four wisdom teeth, that clearly came from the same people [or individual?], that have peculiarities usually found on the teeth of the fifty year old. The investigation of the other teeth showed that at least four-fifths of the victims were seniors. Professor Euler summarized that among the victims there was certainly one person who was not older than sixteen years [seemingly he did not figure on the mentioned list], while the majority were significantly older than forty years; two individuals were probably twenty to thirty year old and one between the thirtieth and fortieth year of his life.

The tests did not give satisfactory results concerning the sex of the individuals, nor their jobs. For obvious reasons, nothing specific can be said about the time that elapsed after their death. What is certain is only that some teeth have been extracted years ago. The pulling out of the teeth of young people must have taken place many weeks ago.

In any case, the study of the teeth brought much more information regarding the number and age of the victims, than could be learned from the bones, but it must be taken into consideration that the latter were only partially recovered. [...]"

Next part of the report is concerned with findings, that didn't seem to have anything in common with the transforming of human tissue. Nevertheless further investigation revealed that Denke experimented with human leather and soap making based on human fat, although his methods remained utterly primitive.

"Among Denke’s suspenders, three pairs were made of human skin. They are about six centimeters wide and seventy centimeters long. The leather is not smooth and at one spot broken. It seems not tanned but only free of sub-skin tissue and dried. At one spot it is obvious, that he made the cuts under the nipples, which are still clearly visible. Four are patched with human skin taken from the pubic area. [...] Some traces of louse nits were also discerned under microscope. All suspenders show traces of use and one of them Denke was found on Denke himself".

(this photograph, taken shortly after his death is the only known picture of Karl Denke; the suspenders made of human skin  are indiscernible)

"Beside suspenders, Denke had also leather straps cut out of human skin, that he treated with shoe polish and parts of which were sawn together with pieces and rags of cloth. Many of these laces were made of human hair: one sample was one centimeter long, grey-white and - according to study - was taken from the head. From which area of the body came the other pieces, this cannot be said.

In addition to various old clothes, which were in the apartment, there were forty-one large and small bundles of rags, bent together with straps. The investigation lead to no results concerning these old, worn-out clothes. [...]

Equally strange was Denke’s collection of coins. This consists of round flat unfired clay pieces, size ranging from a Pfennig to fifty Pfennigs, which have on just one side the image of a real coin.

A large number of ID cards and private papers of several persons were found in Denke’s room as well as account books on revenue from the garden, on working hours and so on. They were relatively well managed and clear. More attention was attached to some loose sheets of paper on which names of thirty men and women appear. In front of every name there is a date - probably the date of death of the person. At No. 31 there is only a date. The record is chronological. Numbering starts only at number eleven. In case of women, only the first name is indicated, the notes for men are much more detailed, usually with date of birth, place of stay and status of the person concerned. The assumption that this is the list of victims is justified by the fact, that ID cards found in Denke's room belonged to people whose whereabouts could not be identified otherwise [...]. By the appearance of the sheets, we can assume, that the list has not been made in one day.

On one side (of the sheets) are the initials of the name followed by a number, which most likely indicates the weight of the person concerned. On another slip of paper, next to a name stands what follows: 'dead, 122, naked 107, disemboweled 83'. This last figure is then repeated next to the name of the person concerned in the last table.

[...]

Of tools used for the killings and fragmentation of the bodies, these can be said:

- three axes;

- a large wood saw;

- a tree saw;

- a pickaxe;

- and three knives.

All these have been seized by us with the exception of the axes and the tree saw, which are sent to be tested for traces of human blood. The saw is a large tool, with which - as the microscopic examination revealed - also wood have been sawn. The detection of human blood succeeded. However we suppose that he used much finer tools - probably the tree saw - to cut heads and the pelvic bones. The pickaxe was used for the last assassination attempt and human blood can be stated on this tool as well. It has a length of forty centimeters and is pointed forward. As for the knives, we could not make things all clear".

Then Dr. Pietrusky's report continues with information about Denke himself, but these are pretty scarce: the killer have had a reputation of good, if somewhat recluse citizen. As a child he was believed to be dull. He wasn't able to learn and he didn't speak (he only begun to speak at age of six). Teachers declared him an idiot and often punished him. "He's very obstinate and lacks respect for teachers" - they noted.

As adult he was treated with suspicion but rather because of his solitary status and sexual indifference. He was said to be "neither man nor woman".

His family stated that he never showed signs of fear or disgust, however he had no violent temper - they thought. He had accepted their invitation only once, but it was memorable anyhow: his brother recalled that Karl had eaten 2 pounds of meat! He described him as Vielfraß - the glutton. Nevertheless Karl's good manners, humble behavior and occasional charity earned him the nickname of Vater Denke - 'Father Denke'.

Denke's personality is far from established. All we know about him comes from documents or sparse remarks of his relatives and co-citizens made only after his death (little doubt people became biased by the shocking revelations found in his apartment). His crimes were not motivated sexually and his conduct seems rather rational. From all information that we have, we can assume that he was an extremely selfish, retarded man, unable to distinguish moral categories. Probably he didn't mean to harm people but his need for food was primordial. After a series of failures at school, farming, business, he found a simple and effective means of procuring food (and probably income) by killing vagabonds he met at the train station. He could gain their trust quite easily and take them home virtually unnoticed (the train station was a short walk from his place and both were on the outskirts of town).

At the end we shall also ask one pertinent question: how could Denke's crimes be perpetrated for at least fifteen years completely unnoticed by anyone in Münsterberg, including his neighbors?

And symptoms were abundant! Some time before Vincenz Oliver escaped the killer in extremis, at least two men managed the same (but they didn't report the fact to police, as it seems):

- once an apprentice covered in blood ran out of Denke's appartment; he was never heard of again;

- some time later a vagabond complained to Denke's neighbors that he had been asked to write a letter and soon after found himself with a chain on his neck. He was stronger than Denke and made his way outside. Nobody reporter these to police.

Other facts occurred as well. For instance repeated complaints of Denke's neighbors about a strong penetrating smell from his apartment. The neighbors noticed as well he always had plenty of meat, even in the worst period of inflation. They assumed however it was dog meat, so gave little attention to it, even though black market slaughter of dogs was illegal. Nor the buckets of blood he poured into the courtyard made them think. He was often heard hammering and sawing at night, but no neighbor would become suspicious: after all he was preparing the dishes to be sold at the morning market...

It is quite remarkable as well that he was probably often seen going out at night with large heavy bags and returning home with empty hands some time later. What was he doing, what was in the bags, why at night? Where did the old garments and shoes, that he was selling come from?

It seems plausible that some neighbors were suspicious about Denke, but as long as nobody from the town was hurt, he remained safe.